1. Prophecies of Future Events (Rev 1:1-8)
The book of Revelation brings all human history to a dramatic and joyful conclusion. It describes the events that lead up to Jesus's Second Coming and God's permanent establishment of His kingdom on earth.
In the Bible's first book, Genesis, we see the first man and woman driven from the garden of Eden. Sin distanced Adam and Eve- and all of their human family from enjoying perfect relationship with God. This final book ends with men and women back in paradise. God has made a way for them to be holy, righteous, and pure again. He has given them access to the river of life and the tree of life. For those who have been washed from sin through Jesus's blood, the story of fallen Adam and Eve ends happily. Those whose names are found in the Lamb's book of life will live forever in the glory of God's presence.
In Revelation, the Bible's epic story comes full circle-back to loving fellowship between the Creator and the people He created in His image. The end of Revelation records the beginning of glorious eternal life for those whose names are found in the Lamb's book of life. But, as Revelation also shows, fallen humanity and the creation itself must go through a fearsome ordeal to get there.
Revelation begins and ends with Jesus, in all His awe-inspiring glory and power. Jesus appears to the apostle John and commissions him to write to seven churches in Asia (modern-day western Turkey). Jesus's words to those churches fill chapters 2-3. In these letters, Jesus evaluates the spiritual condition of each church. He gives warning and encouragement to prepare the churches-and us-for the future.
Chapters 4-19 describe God's devastating final judgments on this fallen world The judgments come in three series (seals, trumpets, and bowls) and culminate in Jesus's Second Coming. These chapters remind us that no matter how bad things get, God is in control He has a plan. And He will bring justice and peace.
Chapters 20-22 describe the glorious establishment of God's kingdom that follows this judgment. These chapters of Revelation describe heaven and our eternal life with God in more detail than we find anywhere else in the Bible.
Revelation is full of intense, vivid, and often troubling images-beasts and dragons, trumpets and bowls of wrath, a pregnant woman and a prostitute, mysterious marks and numbers. It leaves readers wanting to know what it all means and whether it Is happening now, it already happened, or it will happen . Scholars in every century since it was written have attempted to explain what it means . Hundreds, if not thousands, of books hove been written from many different viewpoints. Churches have split and new denominations have formed over the various interpretations of this book.
Revelation gives us a beautiful picture of Jesus's power, justice, and love.
Clearly the purpose of Revelation is not to divide or confuse God's people. Yet, sadly, this has often happened. In order to avoid contributing to confusion and division, this Commentary makes no attempt to adopt a particular interpretative perspective, or to conclusively explain what the debated passages mean. Instead it focuses on Jesus, the worship of the saints and angels in heaven, the judgment of the wicked and vindication of the godly, and the ultimate reign of the King of kings and Lord of Lords over His restored creation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Think about the most important message of Revelation. Christians differ widely In their Interpretations of Revelation's details. Yet all agree on one ultimate truth: Jesus is coming back in triumph over every power on earth-economic, political, military, or spiritual. He alone is the victorious hope of the ages. Jesus's incredible majesty and glory fill the book of Revelation. His presence is felt on almost every page . Revelation gives us a beautiful picture of Jesus's conquering power, absolute justice, and strengthening love . It encourages us today and brings us hope for the future.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Prologue (Revelation 1:1-3)
This book's complete title is The Revelation of Jesus Christ, information previously undisclosed that Jesus Christ now reveals. The Greek word for revelation, apokalypsis, has given another popular name to this book: The Apocalypse, as in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (see 6:1-8).
Revelation 1:1-18 introduces us to this book. These first verses give basic information about the book such as its title, author, recipients, theme, and salutation.
The book declares its divine inspiration in the words "which God gave him to show to his servants" (1:1). Like all Scripture, Revelation comes from God Himself-and its timeless message matters (see I Thess. 2:13; 2 Tim. 3:16).
The book is about things that "must soon take place" (Rev. 1:1), prophetic events. Jesus challenged believers to be prepared and alert at all times, because they did not know the time of His return. He could come soon, or come after some time of delay. That is a good attitude for us as well- be ready for events to unfold soon but, like the wise virgins in Matthew 25:1-13, be ready in case of a delay.
The book's human author is the apostle John. Revelation 1:2 tells us John "bore witness to the word of God and to the testimony of Jesus Christ, even to all that he saw." John had used eyewitness experience when writing his Gospel. He was a faithful eyewitness of Jesus's first coming, along with the visions about His Second Coming. But most likely these words apply to John's role in sharing Revelation with the churches.
As with all of God's Word, a blessing is promised to those who hear and keep it. "The one who reads aloud" refers to oral readers in the early church. In a culture where Literacy was limited, early congregations typically gathered to hear a letter read (see Luke 4:16-17; Col 4:16). But there is a blessing available for anyone who reads the Bible attentively and desires to "keep what ls written in it" (Rev. 1:3).
This verse echoes Jesus's own blessing on doers of the word in Luke 11:28 and James's instruction to be a doer of the word and not a hearer only (see James 1:22-25). The reason? "The time is near" (Rev. 1:3)- about which this book is written.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Think about waiting for Jesus's return. Believers have been waiting for more than 2,000 years. Could it be that the time is near when compared to eternity? Whether Jesus's coming happens this evening or another 2,000 years from now, it Is indeed near. It is the heavenly Father's kindness to give His children a sense of urgency. After all, how carefully would we live our lives today, how earnestly would we reach others with the gospel, if we knew beyond doubt that the world would continue as it is until the year 3003? The apostle Peter addresses how we should wait for Jesus to come back: "What sort of people ought you to be in lives of holiness and godliness, waiting for and hasten- ing the coming of the day of God" (2 Pet. 3:11-12).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is the heavenly Father's kindness to give us a sense of urgency about Jesus's return.
II. Salutation (Revelation 1:4-6)
John writes a greeting to the seven churches in western Asia Minor, located in modern Turkey. These churches were not the only ones in the area, but they are perhaps intended to represent all churches, since in Scripture seven symbolizes completeness.
John knows of these congregations, and the book assumes they know of him. He likely ministered among them- there is a strong church tradition that John ministered at length in Ephesus. and the site where he wrote Revelation was an island just off the coast from these churches.
John blesses them with grace and peace "from him who is and who was and who is to come." Here he describes God the Father, whose Old Testament name Yahweh comes from the verb to be and refers to His eternal existence. A future coming depends on a future existence. If "is Lo come" seems st range applied to the father, we should remember that not only will Jesus come to earth to reign but, as we will see in chapter 21, the Father Himself will be present on earth to live among His people forever.
Jesus obeyed God without fail even when it brought Him rejection, hostility, and sorrow.
"The seven spirits who are before his throne" (1:4) could refer to the Holy Spirit. As mentioned earlier seven symbolizes completeness, so the seven spirits may refer to the Holy Spirit's complete perfection. To further explain what the spirits may signify, some commentators point to Isaiah 11:2: "And the Spirit of the LORD shall rest upon him, the Spirit of wisdom and understanding, the Spirit of counsel and might, the Spirit of knowledge and the fear of the LORD."
These spirits mentioned in Revelation 1:4 could also refer to the complete number of heavenly servants before God's throne (see 5:6). The notion of seven meaning a full complement of servants before royally is common in ancient Jewish literature.
John includes Jesus, "the faithful witness," in his blessing (1:5). Jesus is our ultimate example of faithfulness. He spoke everything God gave Him to say, without fail - even when it brought Him rejection, hostility, and sorrow.
"Firstborn of the dead" refers to Jesus's position of honor as God's Son. In ancient times, the firstborn was the father 's heir (for example, Isaac was Abraham's heir) , Jesus is the Father's chief heir- He is the first to be raised from the dead with a glorified body (as opposed to merely being returned to mortal life, as was Lazarus in John 11) . "Ruler of kings on earth" (Rev. 1:5) shows Jesus's divine, royal supremacy over every earthly ruler. His authority is supreme. He is "King of kings and Lord of lords" (1 Tim. 6:15), a fact that will become clear to all as events in this book unfold (see Rev. 19:16).
In Revelation 1:5-6, John praises Jesus for what He has done for us and what He has made of us. Amazingly, He paid the greatest price to save us - He "freed us from our sins by his blood." But salvation isn't just a matter of forgiveness, as important as that is. There is another aspect to it. Jesus has also made us '"a kingdom, priests to his God and Father." He gives us the right to reign with Him as His follow heirs of God's kingdom and to minister before Him as priestly servants.
Ill. Declarations (Revelation 1:7-8)
John closes his introduction to the book with two declarations . The first one comc.-s from John, and summarizes the events to come-Jesus is coming back! His return will not be secret or hidden. It will be o~n. visible, and glorious. Every eye will see Him.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Think about The Revelation of Jesus Christ. This book is full of rich symbolism and vivid images. But it is not just a collection of incredible prophecies about the future. It Is truth from Jesus, who watches over the churches and reigns supreme over everything. As you study these chapters, notice His promises, His power, and His care for His people.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Jesus's majestic return in the clouds will be a spectacular event. His enemies- "even those who pierced him"- will be among those who witness this awesome sight. Perhaps this is a more general reference to all humanity, whose sins caused His suffering, His piercing, and His death. The idea of wailing over Jesus draws from Zechariah 12:10. This passage originally referred to Yahweh Himself, and here it applies to Yahweh incarnate- Jesus who shares "equality with God" (Phil. 2:6). John is the only Gospel writer to cite this passage in connection with Jesus's crucifixion and the soldier's piercing of His side at death (see Jn. 19:34-37). So it is not surprising that he also uses it here in Revelation 1:7: "All the tribes of the earth will wail on account of him"
In verse 8, God Himself announces the second declaration. When "the Lord God" says something, the title could as easily refer to the Father as to the Son, both of whom the Bible calls Lord. He declares, "I am the Alpha and the Omega ... who is and who was and who is to come, the Almighty:'
God is all-the beginning, the end, and everything in between.
Alpha and omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Here, they indicate the totality of God ( see Eph. 4:6; Col. 1:16-18). The Jews also signified God's comprehensive nature by using the first and last letters of the alphabet (aleph and tav). We often use the phrase from A to Z to express comprehensiveness in this same way. "Who is and who was and who is to come" (Rev. 1:8) also describes God's eternal existence. He is all- the beginning, the end, and everything in between.
In Greek, the word Almighty literally means "ruler of the universe:" It describes God's absolute, unrestricted dominion over everything in heaven and on earth. The events that unfold in Revelation demonstrate His matchless power and authority over all creation. ln His supreme power, God will forever abolish all sin and evil. And He will make all things new- heaven, earth, and creation itself.
Personalize the truth. If you knew for certain that Jesus was going to return in the next 12 months, what lifestyle changes would you make? Would you handle relationships, finances, schedules any differently? Would you rearrange your goals and priorities in any way? If so, list some changes you'd like to make. Then ask God to help you implement some of these changes now. After all, Jesus could return at any time!
*** Review. Week 1 ***
Prophecies of Future Events
1. What did the Commentary say about not taking a particular view on precisely how and when the end-times events will unfold? How do you think this will affect your study of Revelation?
In the Bible's first book, Genesis, we see the first man and woman driven from the garden of Eden. Sin distanced Adam and Eve- and all of their human family from enjoying perfect relationship with God. This final book ends with men and women back in paradise. God has made a way for them to be holy, righteous, and pure again. He has given them access to the river of life and the tree of life. For those who have been washed from sin through Jesus's blood, the story of fallen Adam and Eve ends happily. Those whose names are found in the Lamb's book of life will live forever in the glory of God's presence.
In Revelation, the Bible's epic story comes full circle-back to loving fellowship between the Creator and the people He created in His image. The end of Revelation records the beginning of glorious eternal life for those whose names are found in the Lamb's book of life. But, as Revelation also shows, fallen humanity and the creation itself must go through a fearsome ordeal to get there.
Revelation begins and ends with Jesus, in all His awe-inspiring glory and power. Jesus appears to the apostle John and commissions him to write to seven churches in Asia (modern-day western Turkey). Jesus's words to those churches fill chapters 2-3. In these letters, Jesus evaluates the spiritual condition of each church. He gives warning and encouragement to prepare the churches-and us-for the future.
Chapters 4-19 describe God's devastating final judgments on this fallen world The judgments come in three series (seals, trumpets, and bowls) and culminate in Jesus's Second Coming. These chapters remind us that no matter how bad things get, God is in control He has a plan. And He will bring justice and peace.
Chapters 20-22 describe the glorious establishment of God's kingdom that follows this judgment. These chapters of Revelation describe heaven and our eternal life with God in more detail than we find anywhere else in the Bible.
Revelation is full of intense, vivid, and often troubling images-beasts and dragons, trumpets and bowls of wrath, a pregnant woman and a prostitute, mysterious marks and numbers. It leaves readers wanting to know what it all means and whether it Is happening now, it already happened, or it will happen . Scholars in every century since it was written have attempted to explain what it means . Hundreds, if not thousands, of books hove been written from many different viewpoints. Churches have split and new denominations have formed over the various interpretations of this book.
Revelation gives us a beautiful picture of Jesus's power, justice, and love.
Clearly the purpose of Revelation is not to divide or confuse God's people. Yet, sadly, this has often happened. In order to avoid contributing to confusion and division, this Commentary makes no attempt to adopt a particular interpretative perspective, or to conclusively explain what the debated passages mean. Instead it focuses on Jesus, the worship of the saints and angels in heaven, the judgment of the wicked and vindication of the godly, and the ultimate reign of the King of kings and Lord of Lords over His restored creation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Think about the most important message of Revelation. Christians differ widely In their Interpretations of Revelation's details. Yet all agree on one ultimate truth: Jesus is coming back in triumph over every power on earth-economic, political, military, or spiritual. He alone is the victorious hope of the ages. Jesus's incredible majesty and glory fill the book of Revelation. His presence is felt on almost every page . Revelation gives us a beautiful picture of Jesus's conquering power, absolute justice, and strengthening love . It encourages us today and brings us hope for the future.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Prologue (Revelation 1:1-3)
This book's complete title is The Revelation of Jesus Christ, information previously undisclosed that Jesus Christ now reveals. The Greek word for revelation, apokalypsis, has given another popular name to this book: The Apocalypse, as in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (see 6:1-8).
Revelation 1:1-18 introduces us to this book. These first verses give basic information about the book such as its title, author, recipients, theme, and salutation.
The book declares its divine inspiration in the words "which God gave him to show to his servants" (1:1). Like all Scripture, Revelation comes from God Himself-and its timeless message matters (see I Thess. 2:13; 2 Tim. 3:16).
The book is about things that "must soon take place" (Rev. 1:1), prophetic events. Jesus challenged believers to be prepared and alert at all times, because they did not know the time of His return. He could come soon, or come after some time of delay. That is a good attitude for us as well- be ready for events to unfold soon but, like the wise virgins in Matthew 25:1-13, be ready in case of a delay.
The book's human author is the apostle John. Revelation 1:2 tells us John "bore witness to the word of God and to the testimony of Jesus Christ, even to all that he saw." John had used eyewitness experience when writing his Gospel. He was a faithful eyewitness of Jesus's first coming, along with the visions about His Second Coming. But most likely these words apply to John's role in sharing Revelation with the churches.
As with all of God's Word, a blessing is promised to those who hear and keep it. "The one who reads aloud" refers to oral readers in the early church. In a culture where Literacy was limited, early congregations typically gathered to hear a letter read (see Luke 4:16-17; Col 4:16). But there is a blessing available for anyone who reads the Bible attentively and desires to "keep what ls written in it" (Rev. 1:3).
This verse echoes Jesus's own blessing on doers of the word in Luke 11:28 and James's instruction to be a doer of the word and not a hearer only (see James 1:22-25). The reason? "The time is near" (Rev. 1:3)- about which this book is written.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Think about waiting for Jesus's return. Believers have been waiting for more than 2,000 years. Could it be that the time is near when compared to eternity? Whether Jesus's coming happens this evening or another 2,000 years from now, it Is indeed near. It is the heavenly Father's kindness to give His children a sense of urgency. After all, how carefully would we live our lives today, how earnestly would we reach others with the gospel, if we knew beyond doubt that the world would continue as it is until the year 3003? The apostle Peter addresses how we should wait for Jesus to come back: "What sort of people ought you to be in lives of holiness and godliness, waiting for and hasten- ing the coming of the day of God" (2 Pet. 3:11-12).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is the heavenly Father's kindness to give us a sense of urgency about Jesus's return.
II. Salutation (Revelation 1:4-6)
John writes a greeting to the seven churches in western Asia Minor, located in modern Turkey. These churches were not the only ones in the area, but they are perhaps intended to represent all churches, since in Scripture seven symbolizes completeness.
John knows of these congregations, and the book assumes they know of him. He likely ministered among them- there is a strong church tradition that John ministered at length in Ephesus. and the site where he wrote Revelation was an island just off the coast from these churches.
John blesses them with grace and peace "from him who is and who was and who is to come." Here he describes God the Father, whose Old Testament name Yahweh comes from the verb to be and refers to His eternal existence. A future coming depends on a future existence. If "is Lo come" seems st range applied to the father, we should remember that not only will Jesus come to earth to reign but, as we will see in chapter 21, the Father Himself will be present on earth to live among His people forever.
Jesus obeyed God without fail even when it brought Him rejection, hostility, and sorrow.
"The seven spirits who are before his throne" (1:4) could refer to the Holy Spirit. As mentioned earlier seven symbolizes completeness, so the seven spirits may refer to the Holy Spirit's complete perfection. To further explain what the spirits may signify, some commentators point to Isaiah 11:2: "And the Spirit of the LORD shall rest upon him, the Spirit of wisdom and understanding, the Spirit of counsel and might, the Spirit of knowledge and the fear of the LORD."
These spirits mentioned in Revelation 1:4 could also refer to the complete number of heavenly servants before God's throne (see 5:6). The notion of seven meaning a full complement of servants before royally is common in ancient Jewish literature.
John includes Jesus, "the faithful witness," in his blessing (1:5). Jesus is our ultimate example of faithfulness. He spoke everything God gave Him to say, without fail - even when it brought Him rejection, hostility, and sorrow.
"Firstborn of the dead" refers to Jesus's position of honor as God's Son. In ancient times, the firstborn was the father 's heir (for example, Isaac was Abraham's heir) , Jesus is the Father's chief heir- He is the first to be raised from the dead with a glorified body (as opposed to merely being returned to mortal life, as was Lazarus in John 11) . "Ruler of kings on earth" (Rev. 1:5) shows Jesus's divine, royal supremacy over every earthly ruler. His authority is supreme. He is "King of kings and Lord of lords" (1 Tim. 6:15), a fact that will become clear to all as events in this book unfold (see Rev. 19:16).
In Revelation 1:5-6, John praises Jesus for what He has done for us and what He has made of us. Amazingly, He paid the greatest price to save us - He "freed us from our sins by his blood." But salvation isn't just a matter of forgiveness, as important as that is. There is another aspect to it. Jesus has also made us '"a kingdom, priests to his God and Father." He gives us the right to reign with Him as His follow heirs of God's kingdom and to minister before Him as priestly servants.
Ill. Declarations (Revelation 1:7-8)
John closes his introduction to the book with two declarations . The first one comc.-s from John, and summarizes the events to come-Jesus is coming back! His return will not be secret or hidden. It will be o~n. visible, and glorious. Every eye will see Him.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Think about The Revelation of Jesus Christ. This book is full of rich symbolism and vivid images. But it is not just a collection of incredible prophecies about the future. It Is truth from Jesus, who watches over the churches and reigns supreme over everything. As you study these chapters, notice His promises, His power, and His care for His people.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Jesus's majestic return in the clouds will be a spectacular event. His enemies- "even those who pierced him"- will be among those who witness this awesome sight. Perhaps this is a more general reference to all humanity, whose sins caused His suffering, His piercing, and His death. The idea of wailing over Jesus draws from Zechariah 12:10. This passage originally referred to Yahweh Himself, and here it applies to Yahweh incarnate- Jesus who shares "equality with God" (Phil. 2:6). John is the only Gospel writer to cite this passage in connection with Jesus's crucifixion and the soldier's piercing of His side at death (see Jn. 19:34-37). So it is not surprising that he also uses it here in Revelation 1:7: "All the tribes of the earth will wail on account of him"
In verse 8, God Himself announces the second declaration. When "the Lord God" says something, the title could as easily refer to the Father as to the Son, both of whom the Bible calls Lord. He declares, "I am the Alpha and the Omega ... who is and who was and who is to come, the Almighty:'
God is all-the beginning, the end, and everything in between.
Alpha and omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Here, they indicate the totality of God ( see Eph. 4:6; Col. 1:16-18). The Jews also signified God's comprehensive nature by using the first and last letters of the alphabet (aleph and tav). We often use the phrase from A to Z to express comprehensiveness in this same way. "Who is and who was and who is to come" (Rev. 1:8) also describes God's eternal existence. He is all- the beginning, the end, and everything in between.
In Greek, the word Almighty literally means "ruler of the universe:" It describes God's absolute, unrestricted dominion over everything in heaven and on earth. The events that unfold in Revelation demonstrate His matchless power and authority over all creation. ln His supreme power, God will forever abolish all sin and evil. And He will make all things new- heaven, earth, and creation itself.
Personalize the truth. If you knew for certain that Jesus was going to return in the next 12 months, what lifestyle changes would you make? Would you handle relationships, finances, schedules any differently? Would you rearrange your goals and priorities in any way? If so, list some changes you'd like to make. Then ask God to help you implement some of these changes now. After all, Jesus could return at any time!
*** Review. Week 1 ***
Prophecies of Future Events
1. What did the Commentary say about not taking a particular view on precisely how and when the end-times events will unfold? How do you think this will affect your study of Revelation?
2. A Vision of Jesus (Rev 1:9-20)
JOHN, "WHOM JESUS loved" (Jn. 21:7), knew Jesus closely during His earthly life. Yet when he saw this vision of Jesus in all His power and glory, he fell to the ground as though dead. He was awestruck by Jesus's beauty and majesty. This week as you study, keep in mind that Jesus Is not only your friend. but also the King of kings and Lord of lords. Take some time to reflect on the awesomeness of who He is. You'll benefit most from this study if you read the entire Scripture passage prayerfully before starting the questions. Some will be easier to answer than others. Please note the references of any verses you use. You don't need to say your "For personal thought" answers aloud in Core Group, though your responses may enrich others. Not everyone will get the same answer every time, and that's okay. Just ask God to help you understand His Word and equip you by it.
STUDY QUESTIONS
--- Day 1 ---
Write God's Word for the week: Revelation 1:17b-18.
Fear not, I am the first and the last, and the living one. I died, and behold I am alive forevermore, and I have the keys of Death and Hades.
Revelation 1:9- John, God's Servant
1. How does John describe himself in Revelation 1:9?
2. What does his self-description tell you about his attitude toward other Christians and toward his experiences as a follower of Jesus?
3. What reason does John give for being on the island of Patmos?
4. What do you think he means by this explanation? (Use other Bible passages if you wish.)
5. Have your personal circumstances ever been impacted because you stood for "the word of God and the testimony of Jesus"?
---Day 2 ---
Write God's Word for the week: Revelation 1:17b-18.
Revelation 1:10-11- Jesus's Commission, Part 1
6. Even in exile, John observed the Lord's Day. Does John's example inspire you as you think about the way you observe the Lord's Day? Explain.
7. How do Revelation 1:10-11; 2 Timothy 3:16; and 2 Peter 1:20-21 support the book of Revelation as the actual word of God?
8. If you belonged to the congregation of one of the churches named in Revelation 1:11, what difference would it make to you that God asked John to send this letter to your church?
--- Day 3 ---
Write God's Word for the week: Revelation 1:17b-18.
Revelation 1:12-16- Jesus's Appearance
9. What do each of the following descriptive terms and related Scriptures tell you about the person John sees when he turns around?
a. Revelation 1:13 says, "one like a son of man." Read Mark 8:31 and 10:45.
b. Revelation 1:13 continues, "clothed with a long robe and with a golden sash around his chest." Read. Exodus 28:4.
c.. Revelation 1:14 says, "the hairs of his head ... like white wool, like snow." Read Daniel 7:9.
d. Revelation 1:14-15 continues, "eyes ... like a flame of fire" and "feet ... like burnished bronze, refined in a furnace." Read Revelation 2:18.
e. Revelation_ 1:15 says, "voice-... like the roar of many waters." Read Ezekiel 43:2.
f. Revelation 1:16 says, "from his mouth ... a sharp two-edged sword." Read John 1:1-2 and Hebrews 4:12.
g. Revelation 1:16 continues, "his face was like the sun." Read Matthew 17:2.
10. How does John's eyewitness description compare to
a. your usual view of Jesus?
b. the world's usual view of Jesus?
--- Day 4 ---
Write God's Word for the week: Revelation 1:17b-18.
Revelation 1:17-18- Jesus's Comfort
11. How does John respond to seeing the glorified Jesus face to face?
12. What parallels do you see between John's experience here and his experience described in Matthew 17:1-7?
13. How might Jesus's response have comforted John and settled his fears?
14. Does Jesus's response to John reassure or encourage you? If so, how?
--- Day 5 ---
Write God's Word for the week: Revelation 1:17b-18.
Revelation 1:19-20- Jesus's Commission, Part 2
15. What three subjects is John told to write about?
16. According to Revelation 1:20, what do the seven lampstands and the seven stars represent?
17. For personal thought: Review Revelation 1:13 and 1:16. What does the fact that Jesus is among the lampstands holding the seven stars in His right hand mean to you? •
18. How has this week's study affected your understanding of Jesus?
19. Apply the truth: People think about Jesus in different ways: a baby in a manger, a miracle worker, a man hanging on a cross, a resurrected Savior. How do you usually think of Jesus? How does that affect the way you talk about Him, pray to Him, worship Him, and obey Him?
STUDY QUESTIONS
--- Day 1 ---
Write God's Word for the week: Revelation 1:17b-18.
Fear not, I am the first and the last, and the living one. I died, and behold I am alive forevermore, and I have the keys of Death and Hades.
Revelation 1:9- John, God's Servant
1. How does John describe himself in Revelation 1:9?
2. What does his self-description tell you about his attitude toward other Christians and toward his experiences as a follower of Jesus?
3. What reason does John give for being on the island of Patmos?
4. What do you think he means by this explanation? (Use other Bible passages if you wish.)
5. Have your personal circumstances ever been impacted because you stood for "the word of God and the testimony of Jesus"?
---Day 2 ---
Write God's Word for the week: Revelation 1:17b-18.
Revelation 1:10-11- Jesus's Commission, Part 1
6. Even in exile, John observed the Lord's Day. Does John's example inspire you as you think about the way you observe the Lord's Day? Explain.
7. How do Revelation 1:10-11; 2 Timothy 3:16; and 2 Peter 1:20-21 support the book of Revelation as the actual word of God?
8. If you belonged to the congregation of one of the churches named in Revelation 1:11, what difference would it make to you that God asked John to send this letter to your church?
--- Day 3 ---
Write God's Word for the week: Revelation 1:17b-18.
Revelation 1:12-16- Jesus's Appearance
9. What do each of the following descriptive terms and related Scriptures tell you about the person John sees when he turns around?
a. Revelation 1:13 says, "one like a son of man." Read Mark 8:31 and 10:45.
b. Revelation 1:13 continues, "clothed with a long robe and with a golden sash around his chest." Read. Exodus 28:4.
c.. Revelation 1:14 says, "the hairs of his head ... like white wool, like snow." Read Daniel 7:9.
d. Revelation 1:14-15 continues, "eyes ... like a flame of fire" and "feet ... like burnished bronze, refined in a furnace." Read Revelation 2:18.
e. Revelation_ 1:15 says, "voice-... like the roar of many waters." Read Ezekiel 43:2.
f. Revelation 1:16 says, "from his mouth ... a sharp two-edged sword." Read John 1:1-2 and Hebrews 4:12.
g. Revelation 1:16 continues, "his face was like the sun." Read Matthew 17:2.
10. How does John's eyewitness description compare to
a. your usual view of Jesus?
b. the world's usual view of Jesus?
--- Day 4 ---
Write God's Word for the week: Revelation 1:17b-18.
Revelation 1:17-18- Jesus's Comfort
11. How does John respond to seeing the glorified Jesus face to face?
12. What parallels do you see between John's experience here and his experience described in Matthew 17:1-7?
13. How might Jesus's response have comforted John and settled his fears?
14. Does Jesus's response to John reassure or encourage you? If so, how?
--- Day 5 ---
Write God's Word for the week: Revelation 1:17b-18.
Revelation 1:19-20- Jesus's Commission, Part 2
15. What three subjects is John told to write about?
16. According to Revelation 1:20, what do the seven lampstands and the seven stars represent?
17. For personal thought: Review Revelation 1:13 and 1:16. What does the fact that Jesus is among the lampstands holding the seven stars in His right hand mean to you? •
18. How has this week's study affected your understanding of Jesus?
19. Apply the truth: People think about Jesus in different ways: a baby in a manger, a miracle worker, a man hanging on a cross, a resurrected Savior. How do you usually think of Jesus? How does that affect the way you talk about Him, pray to Him, worship Him, and obey Him?
A Vision of Jesus Revelation 1 :9-20
John has already introduced the book of Revelation. Now he begins to recount its origin-through a prophetic vision, he has experienced a startling appearance of Jesus. He tells how Jesus comes to him in exile and appoints him to write the book to the churches. John presents Jesus's commission in two parts. Between His two statements is John's description of His glorious appearance.
I. Jesus's Commission, Part 1 ( Revelation 1:9-11)
John tells his readers about his situation at the time he received this vision. He describes himself as a "brother;' emphasizing their connection as members of the same spiritual family. He also describes himself as a "partner." They share a bond of suffering and glory-the trials, endurance, and kingdom that come in Jesus.
For John, this hardship is not just theory. He reveals that he has been exiled to an island prison, Patmos, for his declaration of God's word and his witness about Jesus. Patmos is a rocky, volcanic island located about 40 miles off the southwest coast of Asia Minor. It rises from the Mediterranean waters just offshore from Ephesus, where church history strongly suggests John had been ministering.
At this time, all loyal Romans were required to worship Caesar as the divine emperor. Since Christians claimed, Jesus's lordship over all, the government often saw them as a threat to the Empire's authority. Banishment to an island such as Patmos was a common form of Roman punishment. The apostle Paul said, ''.All who desire to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted" (2 Tim. 3:12). And John was no exception.
John's astonishing revelation occurred during this exile. John wrote that he was "in the Spirit" (Rev. 1:10) when something special happened to him. It may have happened when he was praying or worshiping, or it may be that the Holy Spirit interrupted whatever else John was doing. Whatever the case, the Holy Spirit had come on him in a particular way to give him the prophecy that we know as the book of Revelation.
John was in the Spirit on the Lord's day. This phrase is a unique expression. Many scholars believe that it refers to the first day of the week, Sunday (see Acts 20:7). But some see it as referring to the day of the Lord- a reference to the end-times judgment.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Think about giving God an opportunity to speak to us. Jesus appeared to John when he was "in the Spirit on the Lord's day" (Rev. 1:10). It's reasonable to think that John was praying at that time. And this isn't the only time Scripture mentions God's giving revelation to people as they seek Him. When Daniel was praying at the time of "the evening sacrifice," God sent Gabriel to give him "insight and understanding" (Dan. 9:21-22). Cornelius was praying "about the ninth hour" (Acts 10:3-4, 9) when God sent an angel to tell him his prayers had been heard. And God answered Cornelius's prayers by sending a vision to Peter, as he prayed on a rooftop "about the sixth hour." God shows up when His people focus on Him and seek Him, especially in prayer and worship. Having set times to spend with God isn't just a good discipline- it also makes opportunities for Him to speak to us.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Suddenly, John hears a loud, trumpetlike voice behind him and Jesus speaking to him. In the Bible, trumpet calls often signal divine interventions in human history (see Exod. 19:16). Scripture especially mentions trumpets in descriptions of Jesus's Second Coming (see Matt. 24:31; 1 Cor. 15:52; 1 Thess. 4:16).
Jesus tells John to write in a book ( or scroll) what he is about to see and to send it to the seven churches of Asia, which He then names. As noted in lesson 1, these seven prominent churches were not the only churches in that area. Since the Bible often uses seven to signify completeness (see Matt. 18:21-22), these seven churches likely represent the entire church, worldwide and throughout the ages. As shown in the map of "The Seven Churches" (see appendix B), these seven churches form a clockwise circuit near Asia Minor's western shore. The first three churches named match the three coastal cities on the Aegean Sea. Ephesus, the first named, is the starting point. To the north of Ephesus are Smyrna and then Pergamum. The last four churches are farther inland. Southeast from. Pergamum, we encounter each of them in the order listed- Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and then Laodicea, the last and southernmost church on the inland leg. Some scholars have suggested that these seven cities were selected because they were mail distribution centers for the region, making it easier for the book to spread to other areas. While these churches are the immediate audience for the book Jesus orders John to write, they also represent all churches. Jesus's words to them also apply to today's believers.
II. Jesus's Appearance (Revelation 1:12-16)
Immediately, John turns around to see who has spoken to him with the trumpetlike voice. Verses 12-16 contain the awesome description of what he sees.
Catching John's eye first are seven golden lampstands, representing the seven churches of Asia (see 1:20). His eyes then fall on one standing in the midst of the lampstands. Each phrase in 1:13-16 adds to the description of Jesus's appearance.
The phrase "like a son of man" in 1:13 is a well-known prophetic term for Israel's promised Messiah- Jesus. Daniel 7:13 uses it in a description of one of Daniel's visions. In this vision; Daniel saw "one like a son of man' coming "with the clouds of heaven" and receiving authority to rule "all peoples, nations, and languages" (Dan. 7:14) forever. God was showing Daniel a glimpse of the Messiah who would one day. come to His people. To say that He is like a son of man is to assert a humanlike appearance but to imply there is much. more involved; He is not human in the .normal sense. Though Jesus existed in the form of God, He took on a human form, a human body (see Phil. 2:6-8). He is fully man, but He is also fully God.
John begins his description of Jesus's appearance with His clothing. His full-length robe and the golden sash around His chest are based on Old Testament imagery. Three kinds of Old Testament people wore this same kind of clothing. The first and probably most relevant one is the heavenly revealer seen in Daniel 10:5. God sent this heavenly being to John's Old Testament counterpart, Daniel, who through prayer and fasting for his people was also in a deeply spiritual frame of mind. Just as that revealer gave a prophetic vision to Daniel, so Jesus Himself reveals the future to John.
The second kind of person to wear a full-length robe and golden sash was the Old Testament priest ministering in the tabernacle or temple (see Exod. 28:4; Lev. 16:4). This fits with the image of Jesus walking as a priest in the heavenly tabernacle, tending to His lampstands as the priests of old tended to the seven-branched lampstand in Israel's tabernacle. The seven angels of Revelation 15:6 who come out of God's temple in heaven are also dressed the same way.
Jesus's flaming eyes suggest flawless discernment from which nothing is hidden.
The third kind of person to wear this garb was a king or a crown prince, such as Israel's king and his son (see 1 Sam. 24:4, 11; 18:4). Jesus has already been called the ruler of kings on earth in Revelation 1:5, and His divine royalty is mentioned many more times in Revelation. In 19:16, the name King of kings and Lord of lords is written on His robe.
Revelation 1:14-16 describes Jesus's personal appearance. Jesus's resplendently white hair, "like white wool, like snow:" recalls God's appearance as "the Ancient of-Days" in Daniel 7:9. As white hair implies age, maturity, and wisdom among humans, so here it suggests God's eternal' existence, knowledge, and wisdom. It also may represent His holiness and purity (compare "snow" and "wool" in Isa. 1:18).
Jesus's flaming eyes suggest flawless discernment from which nothing is hidden. His glowing bronze feet (see Rev. 1:15) symbolize His strength and power to judge. Daniel's divine revealer also had blazing eyes as well as bronze or brass limbs (see Dan. 10:6). With His feet, Jesus treads the winepress of God's wrath (see Rev. 19:15) and crushes His enemies under His heel, grinding them to powder.
Jesus's voice has the authoritative sound and force of thundering waters (see Job 37:2-5). In His right hand are seven stars, which reflect His immense power as Creator (see Job 38:31-33; Jn. 1 :3). The meaning of the stars is explained later in Revelation 1:20.
The two-edged sword in His mouth can represent the penetrating, convicting force of His word to His own people (see Heb. 4:12) or His power to destroy His enemies with a word (see Rev. 19:15). His face, shining like the sun at its brightest, reflects His divine glory, similar to the glory that transformed Moses' face when he spoke with God ( see Exod. 34:29-35).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Think about your concept of Jesus. The book of Revelation paints pictures of Jesus that almost defy human comprehension. His eyes are like a flame of fire. His face shines like the sun. His voice is like roaring waters. In His mouth, He wields a two-edged sword, and He holds "the keys to Death and Hades" (Rev. 1:18).
What do you envision when you picture Jesus? Do you imagine depictions of Him from art, picture books, literature, or movies? As you study Revelation, notice its vivid descriptions of Jesus. How do those descriptions expand your view of Him?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ill. Jesus's Commission, Part 2 (Revelation 1:17-20)
As he sees the glorified Jesus, John responds with the same awe experienced by other prophets and apostles at the sight of God's magnificence. He falls at Jesus's feet as though he has died right there. When humans catch even a glimpse of God's glory, they are awestruck and overwhelmed. After the Israelites' brief introduction to God, they trembled with fear and begged that Moses mediate for them (see Exod. 20:18-21). When Ezekiel saw God's glory, he fell on his face (see Ezek. 1:28). Daniel also dropped to the ground in astonishment when he received a vision of Jesus (see Dan. 10:9-11).
Jesus places His hand on John and calms his fear. Then, He declares important truths about Himself.
Jesus says He is "the first and the last" (Rev. 1:17; see Isa. 41:4; 43:10). He is "the living one" (Rev. 1:18). He lived a mortal life, died, and then rose to be "alive forevermore." He wields exclusive power over death and the grave.
Many biblical scholars see 1:19 as a summary outline of the whole book. "The things that you have seen" refers to John's vision of Jesus, just described in chapter 1. More details of this vision are included in Jesus's words to the churches in chapters 2-3. These verses demonstrate that Jesus appeared to John in glory and ordered him to write this book.
As for "those that are;' most commentators understand this to refer to the current state of the churches as seen in chapters 2-3.
And "those that are to take place after this" refers to the rest of the book. Chapters 4-22 describe events that had not yet happened at the time of John's writing.
As chapter 1 concludes, Jesus returns to the stars and the lampstands. He explains to John that the seven stars in His right hand are the angels of the seven churches. The word angel comes from a Greek word that basically means "messenger;" either human or divine. It may mean the pastor of each church to receive John's revelation, or some other human messenger. Or Jesus could mean angel in its spiritual sense, because the Old Testament prophets revealed that God's ancient nation, Israel, had angels, or "princes" (Dan. 10:13; see 12:1), assigned to her.
Jesus tells John that the seven lampstands are the seven churches. In the next two chapters, Jesus evaluates the works of those churches. In His letters to the churches, He gives warning and encouragement to His people. He commends them for the ways they have brought His light and challenges them to action in the areas where they are lacking. His words prepare them-and us-for the events described in the remaining chapters.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Personalize the truth. What most impresses you about Jesus in this portion of Revelation? Is it His power? His blinding beauty? His authority as judge? His compassion toward His frightened friend John? In the space below, write a few thoughts about what has most impressed you, and why. Then worship Him as you reflect on those thoughts. Engage your heart as you talk to Him about how incredible He is. If worship is difficult for you, ask Him to give you a heart of worship.
Review
A Vision of Jesus
Write God's Word for the week: Revelation 1:17b-18.
20. From this week's questions, teaching, or Commentary, what stood out to you most?
21. From Jesus's credentials described in Revelation 1, what qualifies Him to send this message to the churches and to us? What does this mean to you?
John has already introduced the book of Revelation. Now he begins to recount its origin-through a prophetic vision, he has experienced a startling appearance of Jesus. He tells how Jesus comes to him in exile and appoints him to write the book to the churches. John presents Jesus's commission in two parts. Between His two statements is John's description of His glorious appearance.
I. Jesus's Commission, Part 1 ( Revelation 1:9-11)
John tells his readers about his situation at the time he received this vision. He describes himself as a "brother;' emphasizing their connection as members of the same spiritual family. He also describes himself as a "partner." They share a bond of suffering and glory-the trials, endurance, and kingdom that come in Jesus.
For John, this hardship is not just theory. He reveals that he has been exiled to an island prison, Patmos, for his declaration of God's word and his witness about Jesus. Patmos is a rocky, volcanic island located about 40 miles off the southwest coast of Asia Minor. It rises from the Mediterranean waters just offshore from Ephesus, where church history strongly suggests John had been ministering.
At this time, all loyal Romans were required to worship Caesar as the divine emperor. Since Christians claimed, Jesus's lordship over all, the government often saw them as a threat to the Empire's authority. Banishment to an island such as Patmos was a common form of Roman punishment. The apostle Paul said, ''.All who desire to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted" (2 Tim. 3:12). And John was no exception.
John's astonishing revelation occurred during this exile. John wrote that he was "in the Spirit" (Rev. 1:10) when something special happened to him. It may have happened when he was praying or worshiping, or it may be that the Holy Spirit interrupted whatever else John was doing. Whatever the case, the Holy Spirit had come on him in a particular way to give him the prophecy that we know as the book of Revelation.
John was in the Spirit on the Lord's day. This phrase is a unique expression. Many scholars believe that it refers to the first day of the week, Sunday (see Acts 20:7). But some see it as referring to the day of the Lord- a reference to the end-times judgment.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Think about giving God an opportunity to speak to us. Jesus appeared to John when he was "in the Spirit on the Lord's day" (Rev. 1:10). It's reasonable to think that John was praying at that time. And this isn't the only time Scripture mentions God's giving revelation to people as they seek Him. When Daniel was praying at the time of "the evening sacrifice," God sent Gabriel to give him "insight and understanding" (Dan. 9:21-22). Cornelius was praying "about the ninth hour" (Acts 10:3-4, 9) when God sent an angel to tell him his prayers had been heard. And God answered Cornelius's prayers by sending a vision to Peter, as he prayed on a rooftop "about the sixth hour." God shows up when His people focus on Him and seek Him, especially in prayer and worship. Having set times to spend with God isn't just a good discipline- it also makes opportunities for Him to speak to us.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Suddenly, John hears a loud, trumpetlike voice behind him and Jesus speaking to him. In the Bible, trumpet calls often signal divine interventions in human history (see Exod. 19:16). Scripture especially mentions trumpets in descriptions of Jesus's Second Coming (see Matt. 24:31; 1 Cor. 15:52; 1 Thess. 4:16).
Jesus tells John to write in a book ( or scroll) what he is about to see and to send it to the seven churches of Asia, which He then names. As noted in lesson 1, these seven prominent churches were not the only churches in that area. Since the Bible often uses seven to signify completeness (see Matt. 18:21-22), these seven churches likely represent the entire church, worldwide and throughout the ages. As shown in the map of "The Seven Churches" (see appendix B), these seven churches form a clockwise circuit near Asia Minor's western shore. The first three churches named match the three coastal cities on the Aegean Sea. Ephesus, the first named, is the starting point. To the north of Ephesus are Smyrna and then Pergamum. The last four churches are farther inland. Southeast from. Pergamum, we encounter each of them in the order listed- Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and then Laodicea, the last and southernmost church on the inland leg. Some scholars have suggested that these seven cities were selected because they were mail distribution centers for the region, making it easier for the book to spread to other areas. While these churches are the immediate audience for the book Jesus orders John to write, they also represent all churches. Jesus's words to them also apply to today's believers.
II. Jesus's Appearance (Revelation 1:12-16)
Immediately, John turns around to see who has spoken to him with the trumpetlike voice. Verses 12-16 contain the awesome description of what he sees.
Catching John's eye first are seven golden lampstands, representing the seven churches of Asia (see 1:20). His eyes then fall on one standing in the midst of the lampstands. Each phrase in 1:13-16 adds to the description of Jesus's appearance.
The phrase "like a son of man" in 1:13 is a well-known prophetic term for Israel's promised Messiah- Jesus. Daniel 7:13 uses it in a description of one of Daniel's visions. In this vision; Daniel saw "one like a son of man' coming "with the clouds of heaven" and receiving authority to rule "all peoples, nations, and languages" (Dan. 7:14) forever. God was showing Daniel a glimpse of the Messiah who would one day. come to His people. To say that He is like a son of man is to assert a humanlike appearance but to imply there is much. more involved; He is not human in the .normal sense. Though Jesus existed in the form of God, He took on a human form, a human body (see Phil. 2:6-8). He is fully man, but He is also fully God.
John begins his description of Jesus's appearance with His clothing. His full-length robe and the golden sash around His chest are based on Old Testament imagery. Three kinds of Old Testament people wore this same kind of clothing. The first and probably most relevant one is the heavenly revealer seen in Daniel 10:5. God sent this heavenly being to John's Old Testament counterpart, Daniel, who through prayer and fasting for his people was also in a deeply spiritual frame of mind. Just as that revealer gave a prophetic vision to Daniel, so Jesus Himself reveals the future to John.
The second kind of person to wear a full-length robe and golden sash was the Old Testament priest ministering in the tabernacle or temple (see Exod. 28:4; Lev. 16:4). This fits with the image of Jesus walking as a priest in the heavenly tabernacle, tending to His lampstands as the priests of old tended to the seven-branched lampstand in Israel's tabernacle. The seven angels of Revelation 15:6 who come out of God's temple in heaven are also dressed the same way.
Jesus's flaming eyes suggest flawless discernment from which nothing is hidden.
The third kind of person to wear this garb was a king or a crown prince, such as Israel's king and his son (see 1 Sam. 24:4, 11; 18:4). Jesus has already been called the ruler of kings on earth in Revelation 1:5, and His divine royalty is mentioned many more times in Revelation. In 19:16, the name King of kings and Lord of lords is written on His robe.
Revelation 1:14-16 describes Jesus's personal appearance. Jesus's resplendently white hair, "like white wool, like snow:" recalls God's appearance as "the Ancient of-Days" in Daniel 7:9. As white hair implies age, maturity, and wisdom among humans, so here it suggests God's eternal' existence, knowledge, and wisdom. It also may represent His holiness and purity (compare "snow" and "wool" in Isa. 1:18).
Jesus's flaming eyes suggest flawless discernment from which nothing is hidden. His glowing bronze feet (see Rev. 1:15) symbolize His strength and power to judge. Daniel's divine revealer also had blazing eyes as well as bronze or brass limbs (see Dan. 10:6). With His feet, Jesus treads the winepress of God's wrath (see Rev. 19:15) and crushes His enemies under His heel, grinding them to powder.
Jesus's voice has the authoritative sound and force of thundering waters (see Job 37:2-5). In His right hand are seven stars, which reflect His immense power as Creator (see Job 38:31-33; Jn. 1 :3). The meaning of the stars is explained later in Revelation 1:20.
The two-edged sword in His mouth can represent the penetrating, convicting force of His word to His own people (see Heb. 4:12) or His power to destroy His enemies with a word (see Rev. 19:15). His face, shining like the sun at its brightest, reflects His divine glory, similar to the glory that transformed Moses' face when he spoke with God ( see Exod. 34:29-35).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Think about your concept of Jesus. The book of Revelation paints pictures of Jesus that almost defy human comprehension. His eyes are like a flame of fire. His face shines like the sun. His voice is like roaring waters. In His mouth, He wields a two-edged sword, and He holds "the keys to Death and Hades" (Rev. 1:18).
What do you envision when you picture Jesus? Do you imagine depictions of Him from art, picture books, literature, or movies? As you study Revelation, notice its vivid descriptions of Jesus. How do those descriptions expand your view of Him?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ill. Jesus's Commission, Part 2 (Revelation 1:17-20)
As he sees the glorified Jesus, John responds with the same awe experienced by other prophets and apostles at the sight of God's magnificence. He falls at Jesus's feet as though he has died right there. When humans catch even a glimpse of God's glory, they are awestruck and overwhelmed. After the Israelites' brief introduction to God, they trembled with fear and begged that Moses mediate for them (see Exod. 20:18-21). When Ezekiel saw God's glory, he fell on his face (see Ezek. 1:28). Daniel also dropped to the ground in astonishment when he received a vision of Jesus (see Dan. 10:9-11).
Jesus places His hand on John and calms his fear. Then, He declares important truths about Himself.
Jesus says He is "the first and the last" (Rev. 1:17; see Isa. 41:4; 43:10). He is "the living one" (Rev. 1:18). He lived a mortal life, died, and then rose to be "alive forevermore." He wields exclusive power over death and the grave.
Many biblical scholars see 1:19 as a summary outline of the whole book. "The things that you have seen" refers to John's vision of Jesus, just described in chapter 1. More details of this vision are included in Jesus's words to the churches in chapters 2-3. These verses demonstrate that Jesus appeared to John in glory and ordered him to write this book.
As for "those that are;' most commentators understand this to refer to the current state of the churches as seen in chapters 2-3.
And "those that are to take place after this" refers to the rest of the book. Chapters 4-22 describe events that had not yet happened at the time of John's writing.
As chapter 1 concludes, Jesus returns to the stars and the lampstands. He explains to John that the seven stars in His right hand are the angels of the seven churches. The word angel comes from a Greek word that basically means "messenger;" either human or divine. It may mean the pastor of each church to receive John's revelation, or some other human messenger. Or Jesus could mean angel in its spiritual sense, because the Old Testament prophets revealed that God's ancient nation, Israel, had angels, or "princes" (Dan. 10:13; see 12:1), assigned to her.
Jesus tells John that the seven lampstands are the seven churches. In the next two chapters, Jesus evaluates the works of those churches. In His letters to the churches, He gives warning and encouragement to His people. He commends them for the ways they have brought His light and challenges them to action in the areas where they are lacking. His words prepare them-and us-for the events described in the remaining chapters.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Personalize the truth. What most impresses you about Jesus in this portion of Revelation? Is it His power? His blinding beauty? His authority as judge? His compassion toward His frightened friend John? In the space below, write a few thoughts about what has most impressed you, and why. Then worship Him as you reflect on those thoughts. Engage your heart as you talk to Him about how incredible He is. If worship is difficult for you, ask Him to give you a heart of worship.
Review
A Vision of Jesus
Write God's Word for the week: Revelation 1:17b-18.
20. From this week's questions, teaching, or Commentary, what stood out to you most?
21. From Jesus's credentials described in Revelation 1, what qualifies Him to send this message to the churches and to us? What does this mean to you?
3. Letters to Four Churches (Revelation 2)